tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66691733594538339132024-08-29T14:13:25.850-07:00Seenu's SegmentAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16122850582905320738noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6669173359453833913.post-83189664416089596792012-06-12T21:40:00.002-07:002012-06-12T21:40:17.841-07:00WHY TO VISIT TEMPLES ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggmd86mj670xNvkkkPLF88-G7AiWMwfW2AKdiEOjHBuWIjxOhNC_BEbmhcBiaD-vDBGT_ZsYV7q1XD6gatc-HQ__A6vOYTJ1FjPqtXz6HjB3qPMcvzL7pfh5Dauvu0kSTPrKu70XAtUMpx/s1600/380628_292375627505562_1768818681_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggmd86mj670xNvkkkPLF88-G7AiWMwfW2AKdiEOjHBuWIjxOhNC_BEbmhcBiaD-vDBGT_ZsYV7q1XD6gatc-HQ__A6vOYTJ1FjPqtXz6HjB3qPMcvzL7pfh5Dauvu0kSTPrKu70XAtUMpx/s320/380628_292375627505562_1768818681_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;must read !</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">(Scientific Reason)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">There are thousands of temples all over India in different size, shape and locations but not all of them are considered to be built the Vedic way. Generally, a temple should be located at a place where earth's magnetic wave path passes through densely. It can be in the outskirts of a town/village or city, or in middle of the dwelling place,</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">&nbsp;or on a hilltop. The essence of visiting a temple is discussed here.<br /><br />Now, these temples are located strategically at a place where the positive energy is abundantly available from the magnetic and electric wave distributions of north/south pole thrust. The main idol is placed in the core center of the temple, known as "*Garbhagriha*" or *Moolasthanam*. In fact, the temple structure is built after the idol has been placed. This *Moolasthanam* is where earth’s magnetic waves are found to be maximum. We know that there are some copper plates, inscribed with Vedic scripts, buried beneath the Main Idol. What are they really? No, they are not God’s / priests’ flash cards when they forget the *shlokas*. The copper plate absorbs earth’s magnetic waves and radiates it to the surroundings. Thus a person regularly visiting a temple and walking clockwise around the Main Idol receives the beamed magnetic waves and his body absorbs it. This is a very slow process and a regular visit will let him absorb more of this positive energy. Scientifically, it is the positive energy that we all require to have a healthy life.<br /><br />Further, the Sanctum is closed on three sides. This increases the effect of all energies. The lamp that is lit radiates heat energy and also provides light inside the sanctum to the priests or *poojaris* performing the pooja. The ringing of the bells and the chanting of prayers takes a worshipper into trance, thus not letting his mind waver. When done in groups, this helps people forget personal problems for a while and relieve their stress. The fragrance from the flowers, the burning of camphor give out the chemical energy further aiding in a different good aura. The effect of all these energies is supplemented by the positive energy from the idol, the copper plates and utensils in the *Moolasthan*am / *Garbagraham*. *Theertham*, the “holy” water used during the pooja to wash the idol is not<br />plain water cleaning the dust off an idol. It is a concoction of Cardamom,*Karpura* (Benzoin), zaffron / saffron, *Tulsi* (Holy Basil), Clove, etc...Washing the idol is to charge the water with the magnetic radiations thus increasing its medicinal values. Three spoons of this holy water is distributed to devotees. Again, this water is mainly a source of magneto-therapy. Besides, the clove essence protects one from tooth decay, the saffron &amp; *Tulsi* leafs protects one from common cold and cough, cardamom and *Pachha Karpuram* (benzoin), act as mouth fresheners. It is proved that *Theertham* is a very good blood purifier, as it is highly energized. Hence it is given as *prasadam* to the devotees. This way, one can claim to remain healthy by regularly visiting the Temples. This is why our elders used to suggest us to offer prayers at the temple so that you will be cured of many ailments. They were not always superstitious. Yes, in a few cases they did go overboard when due to ignorance they hoped many serious diseases could be cured at temples by deities. When people go to a temple for the *Deepaaraadhana*, and when the doors open up, the positive energy gushes out onto the persons who are there. The water that is sprinkled onto the assemblages passes on the energy to all. This also explains why men are not allowed to wear shirts at a few temples and women are requested to wear more ornaments during temple visits. It is through these jewels (metal) that positive energy is absorbed by the women. Also, it is a practice to leave newly purchased jewels at an idol’s feet and then wear them with the idol’s blessings. This act is now justified after reading this article. This act of “seeking divine blessings” before using any new article, like books or pens or automobiles may have stemmed from this through mere observation.<br /><br />Energy lost in a day’s work is regained through a temple visit and one is refreshed slightly. The positive energy that is spread out in the entire temple and especially around where the main idol is placed, are simply absorbed by one's body and mind. Did you know, every Vaishnava(Vishnu devotees), “must” visit a Vishnu temple twice every day in their location. Our practices are NOT some hard and fast rules framed by 1 man and his followers or God’s words in somebody’s dreams. All the rituals, all the practices are, in reality, well researched, studied and scientifically backed thesis which form the ways of nature to lead a good healthy life.<br /><br />The scientific and research part of the practices are well camouflaged as “elder’s instructions” or “granny’s teaching’s” which should be obeyed as a mark of respect so as to once again, avoid stress to the mediocre brains.....</span> </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16122850582905320738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6669173359453833913.post-85566148543876127772012-05-31T11:18:00.003-07:002012-05-31T11:18:58.782-07:00திருவள்ளுவர் The Mass..<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSjDKOO5qUzA_33IZ1zjCwbuc9sLgNj0XLUgLDhAd0AAy-Sv1gIEyBp-tPJKnybhvx0ZFTrLKQXlfT_lgGxHN83phHSgos0lSJsWvamaODU3-mf5-al5T-3nXR8mGMPMBtJTwVh71tuNBj/s1600/Thiruvalluvane.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSjDKOO5qUzA_33IZ1zjCwbuc9sLgNj0XLUgLDhAd0AAy-Sv1gIEyBp-tPJKnybhvx0ZFTrLKQXlfT_lgGxHN83phHSgos0lSJsWvamaODU3-mf5-al5T-3nXR8mGMPMBtJTwVh71tuNBj/s320/Thiruvalluvane.jpg" width="221" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> <b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Thiruvalluvar</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">:&nbsp;</span><span lang="ta" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;" xml:lang="ta">திருவள்ளுவர்</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">,&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">Tiruvaḷḷuvar</span></i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">), was a celebrated&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;poet and philosopher&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">whose contribution to&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;is the&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirukkural" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, a work on ethics. Thiruvalluvar is thought to have lived sometime between the 2nd century BC and the 8th century AD.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;This estimate is based on linguistic analysis of his writings, as there is no archaeological evidence for when he lived.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;He is sometimes also called&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Theiva Pulavar</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;("Divine Poet"),&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Valluvar</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">,&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Poyyamozhi Pulavar</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">,&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Senna Pothar</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, or&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Gnana Vettiyan</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">.</span> </div> <div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </div> <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span></h2> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> Literary accounts indicate that he was a weaver by profession and lived at&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>&nbsp;with his wife Vasuki.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_accounts">Traditional accounts</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"> <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiruvalluvar_Temple.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thiruvalluvar_Temple.JPG/250px-Thiruvalluvar_Temple.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"> <div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;"> <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiruvalluvar_Temple.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div> A temple for Thiruvalluvar in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <i>Tirukkuṛal</i>&nbsp;itself does not name its author or authors. The name&nbsp;<i>Thiruvalluvar</i>&nbsp;is first mentioned in the 10th century in a text called<i>Thiruvalluvarmaalai</i>&nbsp;("Thiruvalluvar's garland"). Most of the traditions of Thiruvalluvar appeared after this text had been written.&nbsp;It is generally believed that the name Thiruvalluvar consists of<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiru" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiru">Thiru</a></i>&nbsp;(a Tamil word meaning&nbsp;<i>honorable</i>, similar to&nbsp;<i>Mr</i>equivalent rather to the Sankrit word Shree)&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>Valluvar</i>&nbsp;(a polite name for&nbsp;<i>Valluvan</i>, according to Tamil tradition). The name Valluvan is a common name representing his caste or occupation rather than his proper name. However, it is not known whether the author of Tirukkuṛaḷ (Valluvan) was named after his community,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valluvar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a>&nbsp;or vice versa.</div> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> There are several claims regarding where he lived, but none of them have been verified. One legend associates him with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, the ancient capital of the&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pandya">Pandya</a>&nbsp;rulers who vigorously promoted&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>. According to another he was born and lived in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a>, a part of present day&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madras">Madras</a>, and traveled to Madurai to submit the&nbsp;<i>Thirukural</i>, for approval of the king (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandian" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pandian">Pandian</a>) and his college of poets.</div> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> Thiruvalluvar may have spent part of his life in Madurai because it was under the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandyan_Dynasty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pandyan Dynasty">Pandiya</a>&nbsp;rulers that many Tamil poets flourished. There is also the recent claim by&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kanyakumari (town)">Kanyakumari</a>&nbsp;Historical and Cultural Research Centre (KHCRC) that Valluvar was a king who ruled Valluvanadu in the hilly tracts of the&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_District" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kanyakumari District">Kanyakumari District</a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"></sup></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <i>Thirukkural</i>&nbsp;is one of the most revered ancient works in the Tamil language. It is considered a 'common creed',&nbsp;providing a guide for human morals and betterment in life.&nbsp;<i>Thirukkural</i>&nbsp;has been translated into several languages, including a translation into Latin by Constanzo Beschi in 1730, which helped make the work known to European intellectuals.Main article:&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirukkural" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></div> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <i><br />Thirukkuṛaḷ</i>&nbsp;is divided into three sections: section one deals with&nbsp;<i>Aram</i>, good ethical behavior with conscience and honor ("right conduct"); section two discusses&nbsp;<i>Porul</i>, the right manner of conducting worldly affairs; and section three dwells on&nbsp;<i>Inbam</i>, love between men and women. The first section has 38 chapters, the second 70 chapters and the third 25 chapters. Each chapter consists of 10 couplets or&nbsp;<i>kurals</i>, for a total of 1330 couplets. Although two sections,&nbsp;<i>Aram</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>Inbam</i>, are devoted to the private life of an individual more than half the couplets in Thirukural are grouped under&nbsp;<i>Porul</i>&nbsp;which discusses ethics in public life. Thus Thiruvalluvar gives more importance to righteous living in public life.</div> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <br /></div> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_works">Other works</span></h2> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> Other than the Thirukkuṛaḷ, Thiruvalluvar is alleged to be the author of two Tamil texts on medicine,&nbsp;<i>Gnana Vettiyan</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>Pancharathnam</i>; although many scholars claim that they were by a later author with the same name,&nbsp;since they appear to have been written in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.</div> <br /> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kumar1999_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_note-Kumar1999-9" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;"><br /></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_note-Kumar1999-9"><span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></sup></div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_note-Kumar1999-9"><span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Memorials">Memorials</span></span></a></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="color: black; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_note-Kumar1999-9"><span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Main articles:&nbsp;</span></a><span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_Statue" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiruvalluvar Statue">Thiruvalluvar Statue</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valluvar_Kottam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Valluvar Kottam">Valluvar Kottam</a></span></div> <div style="color: black; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">A temple-like memorial to Thiruvalluvar,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valluvar_Kottam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Valluvar Kottam">Valluvar Kottam</a>, was built in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>&nbsp;in 1976.&nbsp;This monument complex consists of structures usually found in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian temples</a>,&nbsp;including a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_car" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Temple car">temple car</a>&nbsp;carved from three blocks of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Granite">granite</a>, and a shallow, rectangular pond.The auditorium adjoining the memorial is one of the largest in Asia and can seat up to 4000 people.</span></div> <div style="color: black; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">There is a 133-foot tall statue of Thiruvalluvar erected at the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kanyakumari (town)">Kanyakumari</a>) where the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, and the Indian Ocean converge. The 133 feet denote Tirukkuṛaḷ's 133 Chapters or&nbsp;<i>athikarams</i>&nbsp;and the show of three fingers denote the three themes&nbsp;<i>Aram</i>,&nbsp;<i>Porul</i>, and&nbsp;<i>Inbam</i>, i.e. the sections on Morals, Wealth and Love. The statue was designed by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Ganapati_Sthapati" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="V. Ganapati Sthapati">V. Ganapati Sthapati</a>, a temple architect from Tamil Nadu.</span></div> <div style="color: black; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">There is also a statue of Thiruvalluvar outside the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Square" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russell Square">Russell Square</a>, London.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div> <div style="color: black; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">The government of Tamil Nadu celebrates the 15th of January as&nbsp;<i>Thiruvalluvar Day</i>&nbsp;as part of the&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pongal">Pongal</a>&nbsp;celebrations in his honour.</span></div> <br /> <br /> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <br /></div> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Statue of Thiruvalluvar">Statue of Thiruvalluvar</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvajna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vemana">Vemana</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvajna_and_Tiruvalluvar_statue_installation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sarvajna and Tiruvalluvar statue installation">Sarvajna and Tiruvalluvar statue installation</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valluvar_Kottam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Valluvar Kottam">Valluvar Kottam</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovvaiyar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ovvaiyar">Ovvaiyar</a></li> </ul> <div> <br /></div> <div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> <ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;"> <li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.dlshq.org/saints/thiruvalluvar.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.dlshq.org/saints/thiruvalluvar.htm</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jain2009-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Jain2009_1-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Arun Kumar Jain (2009).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GzyLjkqbVGQC&amp;pg=PA161" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Faith &amp; philosophy of Jainism</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. pp.&nbsp;161–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-723-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-723-2">978-81-7835-723-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Faith+%26+philosophy+of+Jainism&amp;rft.aulast=Arun+Kumar+Jain&amp;rft.au=Arun+Kumar+Jain&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B161%E2%80%93&amp;rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7835-723-2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzyLjkqbVGQC%26pg%3DPA161&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lal2006-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Lal2006_2-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mohan Lal (1 January 2006).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&amp;pg=PA4334" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five (Sasay To Zorgot)</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. pp.&nbsp;4333–4334.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1221-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1221-3">978-81-260-1221-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Of+Indian+Literature+%28Volume+Five+%28Sasay+To+Zorgot%29&amp;rft.aulast=Mohan+Lal&amp;rft.au=Mohan+Lal&amp;rft.date=1+January+2006&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B4333%E2%80%934334&amp;rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-260-1221-3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnPoYxrRfc0C%26pg%3DPA4334&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Blackburn, Cutler (2000).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=21485" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History"</a>.<i>Modern Asian Studies</i>&nbsp;<b>34</b>: 449–482.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00003632" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1017/S0026749X00003632</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Corruption+and+Redemption%3A+The+Legend+of+Valluvar+and+Tamil+Literary+History&amp;rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.aulast=Blackburn&amp;rft.aufirst=Cutler&amp;rft.au=Blackburn%2C%26%2332%3BCutler&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.pages=449%E2%80%93482&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0026749X00003632&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D21485&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Caldwell, Robert. 1875. A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages. London: Trübner.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kanakasabhai (1997).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=VuvshP5_hg8C&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=Kural+Jain" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago</i></a>. Asian Education Service. pp.&nbsp;138.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0150-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0150-5">81-206-0150-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Tamils+Eighteen+Hundred+Years+Ago&amp;rft.aulast=Kanakasabhai&amp;rft.au=Kanakasabhai&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B138&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Education+Service&amp;rft.isbn=81-206-0150-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DVuvshP5_hg8C%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3DKural%2BJain&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070328234032/http://in.news.yahoo.com/050426/54/2kz8k.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Valluvar lived in Kanyakumari district"</a>. Yahoo! News. 26 April 2007. Archived from&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://in.news.yahoo.com/050426/54/2kz8k.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a>&nbsp;on 28 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 August 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Valluvar+lived+in+Kanyakumari+district&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=26+April+2007&amp;rft.pub=Yahoo%21+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070328234032%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fin.news.yahoo.com%2F050426%2F54%2F2kz8k.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Zvelebil1973-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Zvelebil1973_7-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kamil Zvelebil (1973).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VF2VMUoY_okC&amp;pg=PA156" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India</i></a>. BRILL. pp.&nbsp;156–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1">978-90-04-03591-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+smile+of+Murugan+on+Tamil+literature+of+South+India&amp;rft.aulast=Kamil+Zvelebil&amp;rft.au=Kamil+Zvelebil&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B156%E2%80%93&amp;rft.pub=BRILL&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-03591-1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVF2VMUoY_okC%26pg%3DPA156&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/thkrl.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Translation of the Tamil literary work thirukkuRaL in world languages"</a>. K. Kalyanasundaram<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 10, 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Translation+of+the+Tamil+literary+work+thirukkuRaL+in++world+languages&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=K.+Kalyanasundaram&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamilelibrary.org%2Fteli%2Fthkrl.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar1999-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Kumar1999_9-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ravindra Kumar (1 January 1999).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nigNndLgqGQC&amp;pg=PA92" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Morality and Ethics in Public Life</i></a>. Mittal Publications. pp.&nbsp;92–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-715-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-715-3">978-81-7099-715-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Morality+and+Ethics+in+Public+Life&amp;rft.aulast=Ravindra+Kumar&amp;rft.au=Ravindra+Kumar&amp;rft.date=1+January+1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B92%E2%80%93&amp;rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7099-715-3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnigNndLgqGQC%26pg%3DPA92&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Cuppirama.E1.B9.87iyan.CC.B21980-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Cuppirama.E1.B9.87iyan.CC.B21980_10-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲ (1980).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iqEtAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Papers on Tamil studies</i></a>. International Institute of Tamil Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Papers+on+Tamil+studies&amp;rft.aulast=Ca.+V%C4%93+Cuppirama%E1%B9%87iyan%CC%B2&amp;rft.au=Ca.+V%C4%93+Cuppirama%E1%B9%87iyan%CC%B2&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiqEtAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmermann2007-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Zimmermann2007_11-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Marion Zimmermann (September 2007).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=H9uhs9snzwAC&amp;pg=PA8" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>A Short Introduction: The Tamil Siddhas and the Siddha Medicine of Tamil Nadu</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. pp.&nbsp;8–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-77126-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-77126-9">978-3-638-77126-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+Introduction%3A+The+Tamil+Siddhas+and+the+Siddha+Medicine+of+Tamil+Nadu&amp;rft.aulast=Marion+Zimmermann&amp;rft.au=Marion+Zimmermann&amp;rft.date=September+2007&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B8%E2%80%93&amp;rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-638-77126-9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9uhs9snzwAC%26pg%3DPA8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Abram.28Firm.292003-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Abram.28Firm.292003_12-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Abram.28Firm.292003_12-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">David Abram; Rough Guides (Firm) (2003).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&amp;pg=PA421" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>South India</i></a>. Rough Guides. pp.&nbsp;421–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-103-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-103-6">978-1-84353-103-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=South+India&amp;rft.aulast=David+Abram&amp;rft.au=David+Abram&amp;rft.au=Rough+Guides+%28Firm%29&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B421%E2%80%93&amp;rft.pub=Rough+Guides&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84353-103-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEhJBfbhTAAC%26pg%3DPA421&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tourist_Guide_to_Tamil_Nadu-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Tourist_Guide_to_Tamil_Nadu_13-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&amp;pg=PA20" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu</i></a>. Sura Books. pp.&nbsp;20–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7478-177-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7478-177-2">978-81-7478-177-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tourist+Guide+to+Tamil+Nadu&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B20%E2%80%93&amp;rft.pub=Sura+Books&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7478-177-2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGxbJqdEQrwC%26pg%3DPA20&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hancock2008-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Hancock2008_14-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mary Elizabeth Hancock (8 October 2008).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0duq2Vd_ahcC&amp;pg=PA113" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The politics of heritage from Madras to Chennai</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp.&nbsp;113–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35223-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35223-1">978-0-253-35223-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+politics+of+heritage+from+Madras+to+Chennai&amp;rft.aulast=Mary+Elizabeth+Hancock&amp;rft.au=Mary+Elizabeth+Hancock&amp;rft.date=8+October+2008&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B113%E2%80%93&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-253-35223-1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0duq2Vd_ahcC%26pg%3DPA113&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kamath2000-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Kamath2000_15-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rina Kamath (2000).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&amp;pg=PA34" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Chennai</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. pp.&nbsp;34–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1378-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1378-5">978-81-250-1378-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chennai&amp;rft.aulast=Rina+Kamath&amp;rft.au=Rina+Kamath&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B34%E2%80%93&amp;rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-250-1378-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbw2vDg2fTrMC%26pg%3DPA34&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tiruva.E1.B8.B7.E1.B8.B7uvarSubramuniyaswami2000-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Tiruva.E1.B8.B7.E1.B8.B7uvarSubramuniyaswami2000_16-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Tiruvaḷḷuvar; Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (1 January 2000).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=TGw-ef8ZrHoC&amp;pg=PR32" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Tirukural</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp.&nbsp;31–32.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-390-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-390-8">978-81-7017-390-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 December 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tirukural&amp;rft.aulast=Tiruva%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uvar&amp;rft.au=Tiruva%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uvar&amp;rft.au=Satguru+Sivaya+Subramuniyaswami&amp;rft.date=1+January+2000&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B31%E2%80%9332&amp;rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7017-390-8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGw-ef8ZrHoC%26pg%3DPR32&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Thiruvalluvar"></span></span></li> </ol> <span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalluvar#cite_ref-Various_17-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span><span class="reference-text" style="line-height: 1.5em;">Various.&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ta6AD7MNFioC&amp;pg=PA13" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Tourist Guide to South India</i></a>. Sura Books. pp.&nbsp;13–.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7478-175-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7478-175-8">978-81-7478-175-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 December 2010</span>.</span></div> </div> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> <span class="reference-text" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><br /></span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> <span class="reference-text" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6J8Zvltpbow&amp;feature=player_embedded" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Thirukkural Oli Pathipu: Thirukkural Audio book</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://vikku.info/thirukural/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Thirukural – Thiruvalluvar – By Chapters</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external free" href="http://www.thirukural.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.Thirukural.com</a>&nbsp;Thirukural.com both in Tamil and English</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thurston, Edgar &amp; Kadambi Rangachari. 1909. Castes and Tribes of Southern India. vol VI. Madras: Government Press. Page 82</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft038n99hg&amp;chunk.id=s1.4.11&amp;toc.depth=1&amp;toc.id=ch04&amp;brand=eschol" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Dialogue and History Constructing South India,1795–1895, Eugene F.Irschick,UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">www.theologie.uni-hd.de/rm/online-artikel/bergunder-2004-contested-past.pdf Page 70</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Karl Graul, Reise in Ostindien (Leipzig 1855) vol. IV, p.&nbsp;193, quoted in (Nehring 2000: 77).</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/20912297/Tirukkural-of-Tiruvalluvar-English-Translation-Complete" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Tirukkural of Tiruvalluvar – English Translation</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://vikku.info/thirukural/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Thirukural – Another site which is categorized by chapters</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external free" href="http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/20874-Thiruvalluvar.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/20874-Thiruvalluvar.aspx</a></li> </ul> </span></div> <br /> <br /> </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16122850582905320738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6669173359453833913.post-69799647702279003112012-05-30T19:28:00.000-07:002012-05-30T19:32:50.897-07:00Stephen William Hawking<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaOTWx2Km2XvAjo8gvfo3RXMq5oAujZPl_R-buYmXvh3ShyphenhyphenilZaDetj3zTRjUvV_jbe0VI7b_XxjcehnfoDBGKospgKOij3XTaAXCAyvvz2ys9FD6duqoYQO_7mYoMNNsqF-vscn4X9CK2/s1600/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaOTWx2Km2XvAjo8gvfo3RXMq5oAujZPl_R-buYmXvh3ShyphenhyphenilZaDetj3zTRjUvV_jbe0VI7b_XxjcehnfoDBGKospgKOij3XTaAXCAyvvz2ys9FD6duqoYQO_7mYoMNNsqF-vscn4X9CK2/s320/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" width="222" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><tbody> <tr class=""><td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Stephen Hawking at NASA, 1980s</span></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Born</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Stephen William Hawking<br />8 January 1942&nbsp;<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age&nbsp;70)</span><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England, United Kingdom</span></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Residence</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom"><span style="font-size: x-small;">United Kingdom</span></a></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nationality</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">British</span></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fields</span></th><td class="category" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mathematics"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mathematics</span></a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theoretical physics"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Theoretical physics</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Institutions</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambridge University"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cambridge University</span></a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California Institute of Technology"><span style="font-size: x-small;">California Institute of Technology</span></a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alma mater"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alma mater</span></a></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford University"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oxford University</span></a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambridge University"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cambridge University</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doctoral advisor"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Doctoral advisor</span></a></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_William_Sciama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dennis William Sciama"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dennis Sciama</span></a></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Other academic&nbsp;advisors</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Berman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bob Berman"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Robert Berman</span></a></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Known&nbsp;for</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black hole"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Black holes</span></a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Physical cosmology"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Theoretical cosmology</span></a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quantum gravity"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Quantum gravity</span></a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawking radiation"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hawking radiation</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Influences</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikran_Tahta" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dikran Tahta"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dikran Tahta</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Notable awards</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em; white-space: nowrap;"> <ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Award" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Albert Einstein Award">Albert Einstein Award</a>&nbsp;(1978)</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a>&nbsp;(1988)</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prince of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award</a>&nbsp;(1989)</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>&nbsp;(2006)</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>&nbsp;(2009)</span></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.1em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Spouse</span></th><td class="" style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Jane Hawking</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(m. 1965–1991, divorced)</span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Elaine Mason<br />(m. 1995–2006, divorced)</span></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-size: small;">Career</span></span></h2> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="1962-1975" style="font-size: small;">1962-1975</span></h3> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> <span style="line-height: 22px;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 19px;">When Hawking began his graduate studies In the 1960s, there was much debate in the physics community about the opposing theories of the creation of the universe:&nbsp;</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_bang" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Big bang">big bang</a><span style="line-height: 19px;">, and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Steady state">steady state</a><span style="line-height: 19px;">.&nbsp;Hawking and his Cambridge friend and colleague,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a><span style="line-height: 19px;">, showed in 1970 that if the universe obeys general relativity and if the universe fits any of the&nbsp;</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Friedmann" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann">Friedmann models</a><span style="line-height: 19px;">, then the universe must have began as a singularity.&nbsp;This work showed that, far from being mathematical curiosities which appear only in special cases, singularities are a fairly generic feature of general relativity.Although Hawking started developing symptoms of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a><span style="line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;as soon as he arrived at Cambridge and did not distinguish himself in his first two years at Cambridge, he returned to working on his PhD after the disease had stabilised and with the help of his doctoral tutor,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_William_Sciama" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Dennis William Sciama">Dennis William Sciama</a><span style="line-height: 19px;">.</span></div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Hawking's work with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Carter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brandon Carter">Brandon Carter</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Israel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Werner Israel">Werner Israel</a>&nbsp;and D. Robinson, strongly supported&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a>'s&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hair_theorem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="No-hair theorem">no-hair theorem</a>&nbsp;– that any black hole is fully described by the three properties of mass,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a>.&nbsp;With Bardeen and Carter, he proposed the four&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_black_hole_mechanics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laws of black hole mechanics">laws of black hole mechanics</a>, drawing an analogy with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>.&nbsp;In 1974, he calculated that black holes should thermally create and emit&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subatomic particles">subatomic particles</a>, known today as&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekenstein-Hawking_radiation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bekenstein-Hawking radiation">Bekenstein-Hawking radiation</a>, until they exhaust their energy and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole#Evaporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black hole">evaporate</a>.</div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Hawking was elected one of the youngest Fellows of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>&nbsp;in 1974,&nbsp;and in the same year he accepted the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar visiting professorship at the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>&nbsp;(Caltech) to work with his friend,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Thorne" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a>, who was a faculty member there.&nbsp;He continues to have ties with Caltech, spending a month each year there&nbsp;since 1992.</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="1975-present" style="font-size: small;">1975-present</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> The mid to late 1970s were a period of growing fame and success for Hawking, his work was now much talked about, he was appearing in popular television documentaries and in 1979 he was made the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian Professor of Mathematics</a>&nbsp;at the University of Cambridge, a post he held for 30 years until his retirement in 2009.&nbsp;Hawkin's inaugural lecture as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics had the title "Is the end in sight for Theoretical Physics" and promoted the idea the supergravity would help resolve many of the outstanding problems that Physicists were studying.&nbsp;</div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> In collaboration with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hartle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James Hartle">Jim Hartle</a>, Hawking developed a model in which the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Universe">universe</a>&nbsp;had no boundary in space-time, replacing the initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models with a region akin to the North Pole: one cannot travel north of the North Pole, as there is no boundary.&nbsp;While originally the no-boundary proposal predicted a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_Universe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shape of the Universe">closed universe</a>, discussions with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Turok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neil Turok">Neil Turok</a>led to the realisation that the no-boundary proposal is also consistent with a universe which is not closed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Yulsman2003_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_note-Yulsman2003-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Along with Thomas Hertog at&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CERN">CERN</a>, in 2006 Hawking proposed a theory of "top-down cosmology", which says that the universe had no unique initial state, and therefore it is inappropriate for physicists to attempt to formulate a theory that predicts the universe's current configuration from one particular initial state.&nbsp;Top-down cosmology posits that in some sense, the present "selects" the past from a superposition of many possible histories. In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fine-tuned universe">fine-tuning question</a>.</div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Thorne.E2.80.93Hawking.E2.80.93Preskill_bet" style="font-size: small;">Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: left;"> Main article:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93Hawking%E2%80%93Preskill_bet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet">Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet</a></div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> <br />In 2004, Hawking announced that he was conceding the bet, and that he now believed that black hole horizons should&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quantum fluctuation">fluctuate</a>&nbsp;and leak information, in doing so providing Preskill with a copy of<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Baseball" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Total Baseball">Total Baseball</a></i>.&nbsp;Comparing the useless information obtainable from a black hole to "burning an encyclopedia", Hawking commented, "I gave John an encyclopedia of baseball, but maybe I should just have given him the ashes".In 1997 Hawking made a public&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_wager" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scientific wager">scientific wager</a>&nbsp;with Thorne and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Preskill" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Preskill">John Preskill</a>&nbsp;of Caltech concerning the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black hole information paradox">black hole information paradox</a>.&nbsp;Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate, and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_Radiation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawking Radiation">Hawking Radiation</a>&nbsp;must be "new", and must not originate from inside the black hole&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_horizon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a>. Since this contradicted the idea under&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>&nbsp;of microcausality, quantum mechanics would need to be rewritten. Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the view of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way.&nbsp;The winner of the bet was to receive an encyclopedia of the loser's choice, from which information may be accessed.</div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Recognition" style="font-size: small;">Recognition</span></h2> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Acclaim" style="font-size: small;">Acclaim</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> On 19 December 2007, a statue of Hawking by artist&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Walters" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ian Walters">Ian Walters</a>&nbsp;was unveiled at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, University of Cambridge.The Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, El Salvador, is named in honour of Stephen Hawking, citing his scientific distinction and perseverance in dealing with adversity.&nbsp;The Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge opened on 17 April 2007. The building belongs to&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College</a>&nbsp;and is used as an undergraduate accommodation and conference facility.</div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_and_honours" style="font-size: small;">Awards and honours</span></h3> <div class="column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"> <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1975&nbsp;Eddington Medal</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1976&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Medal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1979&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Albert Einstein Medal">Albert Einstein Medal</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1981&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Medal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1982&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1985&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1986 Member of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1988&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">in Physics</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1989&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Companion of Honour</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1999&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Edgar_Lilienfeld" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Julius Edgar Lilienfeld">Julius Edgar Lilienfeld</a>&nbsp;Prize of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2003 Michelson Morley Award of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2006&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2008&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonseca_Prize" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fonseca Prize">Fonseca Prize</a>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Santiago de Compostela">University of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">2009&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the highest civilian honour in the United States</li> </ul> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life" style="font-size: small;">Personal life</span></h2> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Hawking has stated that, having been diagnosed with ALS during an early stage of his graduate work, he did not see much point in obtaining a doctorate if he were to die soon after. Hawking later said that the real turning point was his 1965 marriage to Jane Wilde, a language student.&nbsp;Jane cared for him until 1990 when the couple separated.&nbsp;They had three children: Robert,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Hawking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucy Hawking">Lucy</a>, and Timothy.&nbsp;Hawking married his&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_care_assistant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Personal care assistant">personal care assistant</a>, Elaine Mason, in 1995;&nbsp;&nbsp;the couple divorced In October 2006&nbsp;amid claims by former nurses that she had abused him.&nbsp;In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir,&nbsp;<i>Music to Move the Stars</i>, detailing the marriage and its breakdown; in 2010 she published a revised version,&nbsp;<i>Travelling to Infinity, My Life with Stephen</i>.</div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Hawking supports the children's charity&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages_UK" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SOS Children's Villages UK">SOS Children's Villages UK</a>&nbsp;and has stated that his view on how to live life is to "seek the greatest value of our action".&nbsp;He strongly opposed the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, calling it "a war crime" and "based on two lies" at a demonstration in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, where he participated in a public reading of the names of Iraqi war victims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fox-iraq-2004_35-0" style="line-height: 1em;"></sup></div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Hawking has named his secondary school mathematics teacher&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikran_Tahta" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dikran Tahta">Dikran Tahta</a>&nbsp;as an inspiration.&nbsp;He maintains his connection with&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_School_(Hertfordshire)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="St Albans School (Hertfordshire)">St Albans School</a>, giving his name to one of the four&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House system">houses</a>and to an extracurricular science lecture series.</div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Illness" style="font-size: small;">Illness</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Hawking has a&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neurone_disease" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Motor neurone disease">motor neurone disease</a>&nbsp;that is related to&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a>&nbsp;(ALS), a condition that has progressed over the years. He is now almost completely paralysed and communicates through a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_generating_device" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Speech generating device">speech generating device</a>. Hawking's illness has progressed more slowly than typical cases of ALS: survival for more than 10 years after diagnosis is uncommon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1em;"></sup></div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Symptoms of the disorder first appeared while he was enrolled at University of Cambridge; he lost his balance and fell down a flight of stairs, hitting his head.&nbsp;The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21, shortly before his first marriage, and doctors said he would not survive more than two or three years. By 1974, he was unable to feed himself or get out of bed. His speech became slurred so that he could be understood only by people who knew him well. During a visit to CERN in Geneva in 1985, Hawking contracted&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, which in his condition was life-threatening as it further restricted his already limited respiratory capacity. He had an emergency&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheotomy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tracheotomy">tracheotomy</a>, and as a result lost what remained of his ability to speak.&nbsp;A&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_generating_device" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Speech generating device">speech generating device</a>&nbsp;was built in Cambridge, using software from an American company, that enabled Hawking to write onto a computer with small movements of his body, and then have a&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_synthesiser" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voice synthesiser">voice synthesiser</a>&nbsp;speak what he typed.</div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> The particular&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_generating_device" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Speech generating device">voice synthesiser</a>&nbsp;hardware he uses, which has an American English accent, is no longer being produced. Asked why he has still kept the same voice after so many years, Hawking stated that he has not heard a voice he likes better and that he identifies with it even though the synthesiser is both large and fragile by current standards. Although a mid-2009 corporate press release said that he had chosen NeoSpeech's VoiceText speech synthesiser as his new voice,&nbsp;a 30 December 2011 interview with Hawking's technician indicates that Hawking is still using an older synthesiser containing a card "which dates back to the 1980s" and that any upgrade would have to be the same voice, otherwise "it wouldn't be Stephen's voice any more".For lectures and media appearances, Hawking appears to speak fluently through his synthesiser; however when preparing answers his system produces words at a rate of about one per minute.Hawking's setup uses a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_text" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Predictive text">predictive text</a>&nbsp;entry system, which requires only the first few characters in order to auto-complete the word, but as he is only able to use his cheek for data entry, constructing complete sentences takes time.&nbsp;During a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="TED (conference)">TED Conference</a>&nbsp;talk, it took him seven minutes to provide a brief answer to a question.</div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> He describes himself as lucky, despite his disease. Its slow progression has allowed him time to make influential discoveries and has not hindered him from having, in his own words, "a very attractive family".</div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture" style="font-size: small;">In popular culture</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: left;"> Main article:&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking_in_popular_culture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stephen Hawking in popular culture">Stephen Hawking in popular culture</a></div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> <br />Space and spaceflightHawking has played himself on numerous television shows and has been portrayed in many more. He has played himself on a&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dwarf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Red Dwarf">Red Dwarf</a></i>&nbsp;anniversary special, played a hologram of himself on the episode "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Descent (Star Trek: The Next Generation)">Descent</a>" of&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>,&nbsp;and appeared on the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a>&nbsp;special&nbsp;<i>Alien Planet</i>.He has also played himself in several episodes of&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>&nbsp;and<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>, and has had an&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Action figure">action figure</a>&nbsp;made of his&nbsp;<i>Simpsons</i>&nbsp;likeness.&nbsp;The 2004&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="BBC4">BBC4</a>&nbsp;TV film&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_(TV_film)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawking (TV film)">Hawking</a>&nbsp;dealt with his early life and the onset of his illness. He was portrayed by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a>. In 2008, Hawking was the subject of and featured in the documentary series&nbsp;<i>Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe</i>&nbsp;for&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>. In September 2008, Hawking presided over the unveiling of the 'Chronophage' (time-eating)&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Clock" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corpus Clock">Corpus Clock</a>&nbsp;at Corpus Christi College Cambridge.His actual synthesiser voice was used on parts of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>&nbsp;song "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_Talking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Keep Talking">Keep Talking</a>" from the 1994 album&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Division_Bell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Division Bell">The Division Bell</a></i>, as well as on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbonegro" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turbonegro">Turbonegro</a>'s "Intro: The Party Zone" on their 2005 album&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Animals_(album)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Party Animals (album)">Party Animals</a></i>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsheim_(band)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wolfsheim (band)">Wolfsheim</a>'s "Kein Zurück (Oliver Pinelli Mix)". On 5 April 2012 he appeared as a guest star in an episode of&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i>.</div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> At the celebration of his 65th birthday on 8 January 2007, Hawking announced his plan to take a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlessness" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Weightlessness">zero-gravity</a>&nbsp;flight that year, with an intention to later take a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital spaceflight</a>. Billionaire<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a>&nbsp;pledged to pay all expenses for a future flight on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a>'s space service, costing an estimated £100,000.&nbsp;Stephen Hawking's zero-gravity flight in a "<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomit_Comet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vomit Comet">Vomit Comet</a></i>" of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Gravity_Corporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zero Gravity Corporation">Zero Gravity Corporation</a>, during which he experienced weightlessness eight times, took place on 26 April 2007.&nbsp;He became the first&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriplegia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quadriplegia">quadriplegic</a>&nbsp;to float in zero gravity. The fee is normally US$3,750 for 10 to 15&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parabola">plunges</a>, but Hawking was not required to pay. Hawking was quoted before the flight saying:</div> <blockquote style="line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> Many people have asked me why I am taking this flight. I am doing it for many reasons. First of all, I believe that life on Earth is at an ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, or other dangers. I think the human race has no future if it doesn't go into space. I therefore want to encourage public interest in space.</div> </blockquote> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> In an interview with&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, he suggested that space was the Earth's long term hope.&nbsp;He continued this theme at a 2008&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rose" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charlie Rose">Charlie Rose</a>&nbsp;interview.</div> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Hawking has indicated that he is almost certain that&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alien life">alien life</a>&nbsp;exists in other parts of the universe, "To my mathematical brain, the numbers alone make thinking about aliens perfectly rational. The real challenge is to work out what aliens might actually be like".&nbsp;He believes alien life not only certainly exists on planets but perhaps even in other places, like within stars or even floating in outer space. He has also warned that a few of these species might be intelligent and threaten Earth.&nbsp;"If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans," he said.&nbsp;He has advocated that, rather than try to establish contact, humans should try to avoid contact with alien life forms.&nbsp;At a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>&nbsp;lecture in honour of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s fiftieth anniversary, Hawking discussed the existence of extraterrestrial life, believing that "primitive life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare".</div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_views" style="font-size: small;">Religious views</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> In his early work, Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense, such as in&nbsp;<i>A Brief History of Time</i>: "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason&nbsp;– for then we should know the mind of God."&nbsp;In the same book he suggested the existence of God was unnecessary to explain the origin of the universe.&nbsp;In the Channel 4 documentary&nbsp;<i>Genius of Britain</i>, in his 2010 book&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Design_(book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Grand Design (book)">The Grand Design</a></i>, and in interviews with the&nbsp;<i>Telegraph</i>, Hawking has clarified that he does not believe in a "personal" God.&nbsp;Hawking writes, "The question is: is the way the universe began chosen by God for reasons we can't understand, or was it determined by a law of science? I believe the second."&nbsp;He adds, "Because there is a law such as gravity, the Universe can and will create itself from nothing."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_note-61" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</a></sup>His ex-wife, Jane, has described him as an&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.&nbsp;Hawking has stated that he is "not religious in the normal sense" and he believes that "the universe is governed by the laws of science. The laws may have been decreed by God, but God does not intervene to break the laws."&nbsp;In an interview published in&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>&nbsp;newspaper, Hawking regarded the concept of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>&nbsp;as a&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myth">myth</a>, believing that there is "no heaven or afterlife" and that such a notion was a "fairy story for people afraid of the dark."Hawking contrasted religion and science in 2010, saying: "There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, [and] science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win because it works."</div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophical_views" style="font-size: small;">Philosophical views</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> At Google’s&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zeitgeist">Zeitgeist</a>&nbsp;Conference in 2011, Hawking said that "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>&nbsp;is dead." He believes philosophers "have not kept up with modern developments in science" and that scientists "have become the bearers of the torch of discovery in our quest for knowledge.” He said that&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of unsolved problems in philosophy">philosophical problems</a>&nbsp;can be answered by science, particularly new scientific theories which "lead us to a new and very different picture of the universe and our place in it”.</div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Publications" style="font-size: small;">Publications</span></h2> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> Hawking's first popular science book,&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A Brief History of Time">A Brief History of Time</a></i>, was published on 1 April 1988. It stayed on the British&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a></i>&nbsp;best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.&nbsp;<i>A Brief History of Time</i>&nbsp;was followed by&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_in_a_Nutshell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Universe in a Nutshell">The Universe in a Nutshell</a></i>&nbsp;(2001). A collection of essays titled&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes_and_Baby_Universes_and_Other_Essays" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays">Black Holes and Baby Universes</a></i>&nbsp;(1993) was also popular. His book,&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Hawking_and_Mlodinow_book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A Briefer History of Time (Hawking and Mlodinow book)">A Briefer History of Time</a></i>&nbsp;(2005), co-written by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Mlodinow" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leonard Mlodinow">Leonard Mlodinow</a>, updated his earlier works to make them accessible to a wider audience. In 2007 Hawking and his daughter,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Hawking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucy Hawking">Lucy Hawking</a>, published&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%27s_Secret_Key_to_the_Universe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George's Secret Key to the Universe">George's Secret Key to the Universe</a></i>, a children's book focusing on science that Lucy Hawking described as "a bit like Harry Potter but without the magic."</div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Popular" style="font-size: small;">Popular</span></h3> <ul style="line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A Brief History of Time">A Brief History of Time</a></i>, (1988)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Holes_and_Baby_Universes_and_Other_Essays" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays">Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays</a></i>, (1994)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_in_a_Nutshell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Universe in a Nutshell">The Universe in a Nutshell</a></i>, (2001)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy</i>, (2002)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Briefer_History_of_Time_(Hawking_and_Mlodinow_book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A Briefer History of Time (Hawking and Mlodinow book)">A Briefer History of Time</a></i>, (2005)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Created_the_Integers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="God Created the Integers"><i>God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History</i></a>, (2005)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Design_(book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Grand Design (book)">The Grand Design</a></i>, (2010)</li> </ul> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Children.27s_fiction" style="font-size: small;">Children's fiction</span></h3> <div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: left;"> These are co-written with his daughter&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Hawking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucy Hawking">Lucy</a>.</div> <ul style="line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%27s_Secret_Key_to_the_Universe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George's Secret Key to the Universe">George's Secret Key to the Universe</a></i>, (2007)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%27s_Cosmic_Treasure_Hunt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt">George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt</a></i>, (2009)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_the_Big_Bang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George and the Big Bang">George and the Big Bang</a></i>, (2011)</li> </ul> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Films_and_series" style="font-size: small;">Films and series</span></h3> <ul style="line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time_(film)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A Brief History of Time (film)">A Brief History of Time</a></i>&nbsp;(1991)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking%27s_Universe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stephen Hawking's Universe">Stephen Hawking's Universe</a></i>&nbsp;(1997)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Horizon (BBC TV series)">Horizon</a>: The Hawking Paradox</i>&nbsp;(2005)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Science_Fiction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Masters of Science Fiction">Masters of Science Fiction</a></i>&nbsp;(2007)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe</i>&nbsp;(2008)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Universe_with_Stephen_Hawking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking">Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking</a></i>&nbsp;(2010)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World_with_Stephen_Hawking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brave New World with Stephen Hawking">Brave New World with Stephen Hawking</a></i></li> </ul> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-size: small;">See also</span></h2> <ul style="line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a>, or flexiverse</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking_ansatz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gibbons–Hawking ansatz">Gibbons–Hawking ansatz</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking_space" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gibbons–Hawking space">Gibbons–Hawking space</a></li> </ul> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="font-size: small;">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2005x.E2.80.93xix_0-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFLarsen2005" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Larsen 2005</a>, pp.&nbsp;x–xix.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen20053.E2.80.935-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen20053.E2.80.935_1-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen20053.E2.80.935_1-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFLarsen2005" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Larsen 2005</a>, pp.&nbsp;3–5.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3_2-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3_2-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3_2-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3_2-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3_2-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3_2-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3_2-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_3_2-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFFerguson2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Ferguson 2011</a>, Chapter 3.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Stone_1992_44-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-Stone_1992_44_3-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-Stone_1992_44_3-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hawking, Stephen W. (1 May 1992).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=mCmUQgAACAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Stephen Hawking's A brief history of time: a reader's companion</i></a>. Bantam Books. p.&nbsp;44.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-07772-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-07772-8">978-0-553-07772-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%27s+A+brief+history+of+time%3A+a+reader%27s+companion&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+W.&amp;rft.date=1+May+1992&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B44&amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Books&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-553-07772-8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmCmUQgAACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_4-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_4_4-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_4_4-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFFerguson2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Ferguson 2011</a>, Chapter 4.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_6-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_6_5-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_6_5-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFFerguson2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Ferguson 2011</a>, Chapter 6.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hawking, Stephen; Penrose, Roger (January 1970).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/314/1519/529.abstract" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A:_Mathematical,_Physical_and_Engineering_Sciences" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences">Proceedings of the Royal Society A</a></i>&nbsp;<b>314</b>&nbsp;(1519): 529–548.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970RSPSA.314..529H" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">1970RSPSA.314..529H</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1970.0021" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1098/rspa.1970.0021</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Singularities+of+Gravitational+Collapse+and+Cosmology&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BProceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences%7CProceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C%26%2332%3BStephen&amp;rft.date=January+1970&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=1519&amp;rft.pages=529%E2%80%93548&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/1970RSPSA.314..529H&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspa.1970.0021&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspa.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F314%2F1519%2F529.abstract&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-HawkingIsrael1989-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-HawkingIsrael1989_7-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner (30 March 1989).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Vq787qC5PWQC&amp;pg=PA278" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Three Hundred Years of Gravitation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;278.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37976-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37976-2">978-0-521-37976-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Three+Hundred+Years+of+Gravitation&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C%26%2332%3BStephen+W.&amp;rft.au=Israel%2C%26%2332%3BWerner&amp;rft.date=30+March+1989&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B278&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-37976-2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVq787qC5PWQC%26pg%3DPA278&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen200538-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen200538_8-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFLarsen2005" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Larsen 2005</a>, p.&nbsp;38.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen200544-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen200544_9-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFLarsen2005" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Larsen 2005</a>, p.&nbsp;44.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_7-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_7_10-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFFerguson2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Ferguson 2011</a>, Chapter 7.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://features.caltech.edu/features/96" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking Returns to Caltech&nbsp;– One Night Only"</a>. Caltech Features. 6 Jan 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 Jan 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking+Returns+to+Caltech%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+One+Night+Only&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=6+Jan+2011&amp;rft.pub=Caltech+Features&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.caltech.edu%2Ffeatures%2F96&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/8282358.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Hawking gives up academic title"</a>.&nbsp;<i>BBC News</i>. 30 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hawking+gives+up+academic+title&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=30+September+2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fcambridgeshire%2F8282358.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_8-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_8_13-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011Chapter_8_13-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFFerguson2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Ferguson 2011</a>, Chapter 8.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Baird2007-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-Baird2007_14-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Baird, Eric (30 September 2007).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=bU4xUMuJlukC&amp;pg=PA234" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Relativity in Curved Spacetime: Life Without Special Relativity</i></a>. Chocolate Tree Books. p.&nbsp;234.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557068-0-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557068-0-6">978-0-9557068-0-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Relativity+in+Curved+Spacetime%3A+Life+Without+Special+Relativity&amp;rft.aulast=Baird&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.au=Baird%2C%26%2332%3BEric&amp;rft.date=30+September+2007&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B234&amp;rft.pub=Chocolate+Tree+Books&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9557068-0-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbU4xUMuJlukC%26pg%3DPA234&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yulsman2003-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-Yulsman2003_15-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Yulsman, Tom (2003).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eh3_GfqlDlMC&amp;pg=PA174" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Origins: the quest for our cosmic roots</i></a>. CRC Press. pp.&nbsp;174–176.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0765-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0765-9">978-0-7503-0765-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Origins%3A+the+quest+for+our+cosmic+roots&amp;rft.aulast=Yulsman&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft.au=Yulsman%2C%26%2332%3BTom&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B174%E2%80%93176&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0765-9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deh3_GfqlDlMC%26pg%3DPA174&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Highfield, Roger (26 June 2008).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3345641/Stephen-Hawkings-explosive-new-theory.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking's explosive new theory"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 April 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%27s+explosive+new+theory&amp;rft.atitle=Telegraph&amp;rft.aulast=Highfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.au=Highfield%2C%26%2332%3BRoger&amp;rft.date=26+June+2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F3345641%2FStephen-Hawkings-explosive-new-theory.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hawking, S.; Hertog, T. (2006). "Populating the landscape: A top-down approach".&nbsp;<i>Physical Review D</i>&nbsp;<b>73</b>&nbsp;(12).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.73.123527" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1103/PhysRevD.73.123527</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Populating+the+landscape%3A+A+top-down+approach&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.au=Hertog%2C%26%2332%3BT.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.73.123527&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1103.2FPhysRevD.73.123527&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">edit</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-concedbet-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-concedbet_18-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-concedbet_18-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-concedbet_18-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-concedbet_18-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hawking, S. (2005). "Information loss in black holes".&nbsp;<i>Physical Review D</i>&nbsp;<b>72</b>&nbsp;(8).&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.72.084013" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Information+loss+in+black+holes&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&amp;rft.aulast=Hawking&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Hawking%2C%26%2332%3BS.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.72.084013&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1103.2FPhysRevD.72.084013&amp;action=edit&amp;editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">edit</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Preskill, John.&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/jp_24jul04.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"John Preskill's comments about Stephen Hawking's concession"</a>. California Institute of Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=John+Preskill%27s+comments+about+Stephen+Hawking%27s+concession&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Preskill&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Preskill%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&amp;rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theory.caltech.edu%2F%7Epreskill%2Fjp_24jul04.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2007122111" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Vice-Chancellor unveils Hawking statue"</a>. University of Cambridge. 21 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 May 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Vice-Chancellor+unveils+Hawking+statue&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=21+December+2007&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.cam.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fdp%2F2007122111&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Komar, Oliver; Linda Buechner (October 2000).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090730162105/http://geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/5046/article.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador Central America Honours the Fortitude of a Great Living Scientist"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Journal of College Science Teaching</i>&nbsp;<b>XXX</b>&nbsp;(2). Archived from&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/5046/article.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a>&nbsp;on 30 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 5 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Dick+Tahta&amp;rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&amp;rft.aulast=Hoare&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&amp;rft.au=Hoare%2C%26%2332%3BGeoffrey&amp;rft.au=Love%2C%26%2332%3BEric&amp;rft.date=5+January+2007&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Guardian+News+and+Media&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fobituaries%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1983173%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.st-albans.herts.sch.uk/sascms/hawking-lectures-sign-off-with-dinner/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Hawking Lectures Sign Off with Dinner"</a>. St-albans.herts.sch.uk. 13 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Hawking+Lectures+Sign+Off+with+Dinner&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=13+May+2006&amp;rft.pub=St-albans.herts.sch.uk&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-albans.herts.sch.uk%2Fsascms%2Fhawking-lectures-sign-off-with-dinner%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mitsumoto, Hiroshi; Munsat, Theodore L. (1 January 2001).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=YvTR2asXhNYC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a guide for patients and families</i></a>. Demos Medical Publishing. p.&nbsp;36.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888799-28-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888799-28-6">978-1-888799-28-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis%3A+a+guide+for+patients+and+families&amp;rft.aulast=Mitsumoto&amp;rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&amp;rft.au=Mitsumoto%2C%26%2332%3BHiroshi&amp;rft.au=Munsat%2C%26%2332%3BTheodore+L.&amp;rft.date=1+January+2001&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B36&amp;rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-888799-28-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvTR2asXhNYC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stephen-hawking-als&amp;page=2" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"How Has Stephen Hawking Lived to 70 with ALS?: Scientific American"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=How+Has+Stephen+Hawking+Lived+to+70+with+ALS%3F%3A+Scientific+American&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Scientific+American&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dstephen-hawking-als%26page%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen200572.E2.80.9381-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen200572.E2.80.9381_40-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFLarsen2005" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Larsen 2005</a>, p.&nbsp;72–81.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-als-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-als_41-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-als_41-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hawking.org.uk/living-with-als.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Living with ALS&nbsp;– Stephen Hawking"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Living+with+ALS%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Stephen+Hawking&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawking.org.uk%2Fliving-with-als.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gizmag.com/go/2708/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking chooses a new voice"</a>. Gizmag<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 August 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking+chooses+a+new+voice&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Gizmag&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fgo%2F2708%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-tech-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-tech_43-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-tech_43-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-tech_43-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">de Lange, Catherine (30 December 2011).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21323-the-man-who-saves-stephen-hawkings-voice.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The man who saves Stephen Hawking's voice"</a>.&nbsp;<i>New Scientist</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+man+who+saves+Stephen+Hawking%27s+voice&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.aulast=de+Lange&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft.au=de+Lange%2C%26%2332%3BCatherine&amp;rft.date=30+December+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn21323-the-man-who-saves-stephen-hawkings-voice.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/242" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking: Asking big questions about the universe (Video time index 8:25)"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 May 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+Asking+big+questions+about+the+universe+%28Video+time+index+8%3A25%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=TED+Conferences%2C+LLC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Fview%2Fid%2F242&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkudaOkuda1999380-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkudaOkuda1999380_45-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#CITEREFOkudaOkuda1999" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Okuda &amp; Okuda 1999</a>, p.&nbsp;380.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-46" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/alienplanet/about/about.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Discovery Channel&nbsp;:: Alien Planet&nbsp;:: About the Show"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Discovery+Channel+%3A%3A+Alien+Planet+%3A%3A+About+the+Show&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Fconvergence%2Falienplanet%2Fabout%2Fabout.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-boston.com-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-boston.com_47-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cheng, Maria (5 January 2012).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2012-01-05/lifestyle/30594112_1_hawking-first-stephen-hawking-universe/2" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking to turn 70, defying disease"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Boston</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 12 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Professor+Stephen+Hawking+films+Big+Bang+Theory+cameo&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft.date=12+March+2012&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-17337778&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Highfield, Roger (8 January 2007).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1538844/Stephen-Hawking-plans-to-see-space.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking plans to see space"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The Daily Telegraph</i>&nbsp;(London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 March 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking+plans+to+see+space&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.aulast=Highfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.au=Highfield%2C%26%2332%3BRoger&amp;rft.date=8+January+2007&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1538844%2FStephen-Hawking-plans-to-see-space.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-51" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6594821.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Hawking takes zero-gravity flight"</a>.&nbsp;<i>BBC News</i>. 27 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 April 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hawking+takes+zero-gravity+flight&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=27+April+2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F6594821.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-52" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070504171857/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/04/26/hawking.flight.ap/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Physicist Hawking experiences zero gravity"</a>. CNN. 26 April 2007. Archived from&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/04/26/hawking.flight.ap/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a>&nbsp;on 4 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 May 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Physicist+Hawking+experiences+zero+gravity&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=26+April+2007&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070504171857%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2007%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F04%2F26%2Fhawking.flight.ap%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-53" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Highfield, Roger (16 October 2001).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/nhawk16.xml" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Colonies in space may be only hope, says Hawking"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The Daily Telegraph</i>&nbsp;(London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 August 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Colonies+in+space+may+be+only+hope%2C+says+Hawking&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.aulast=Highfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.au=Highfield%2C%26%2332%3BRoger&amp;rft.date=16+October+2001&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2001%2F10%2F16%2Fnhawk16.xml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-54" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/8973" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Charlie Rose&nbsp;– A conversation with Dr. Stephen Hawking &amp; Lucy Hawking"</a>. Charlie Rose LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Charlie+Rose%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+A+conversation+with+Dr.+Stephen+Hawking+%26+Lucy+Hawking&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Charlie+Rose+LLC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlierose.com%2Fview%2Finterview%2F8973&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-alien-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-alien_55-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-alien_55-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-alien_55-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8642558.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking warns over making contact with aliens"</a>.&nbsp;<i>BBC News</i>. 25 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 May 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking+warns+over+making+contact+with+aliens&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=25+April+2010&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F8642558.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-56" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hickman, Leo (25 April 2010).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/26/stephen-hawking-issues-warning-on-aliens" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking takes a hard line on aliens"</a>.&nbsp;<i>guardian.co.uk</i>. London: Guardian News and Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking+takes+a+hard+line+on+aliens&amp;rft.atitle=guardian.co.uk&amp;rft.aulast=Hickman&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft.au=Hickman%2C%26%2332%3BLeo&amp;rft.date=25+April+2010&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Guardian+News+and+Media&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fapr%2F26%2Fstephen-hawking-issues-warning-on-aliens&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Highfield, Roger (22 April 2008).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3340426/Stephen-Hawking-Aliens-probably-exist.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking: Aliens probably exist"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The Daily Telegraph</i>&nbsp;(London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+Aliens+probably+exist&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.aulast=Highfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.au=Highfield%2C%26%2332%3BRoger&amp;rft.date=22+April+2008&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F3340426%2FStephen-Hawking-Aliens-probably-exist.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-sample-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-sample_58-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-sample_58-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Sample, Ian (15 May 2011).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/may/15/stephen-hawking-interview-there-is-no-heaven" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking: 'There is no heaven; it's a fairy story'"</a>.&nbsp;<i>guardian.co.uk</i>&nbsp;(London: Guardian News and Media)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 May 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+%27There+is+no+heaven%3B+it%27s+a+fairy+story%27&amp;rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&amp;rft.aulast=Sample&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.au=Sample%2C%26%2332%3BIan&amp;rft.date=15+May+2011&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Guardian+News+and+Media&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2011%2Fmay%2F15%2Fstephen-hawking-interview-there-is-no-heaven&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-59" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Burgess, Anthony (29 December 1991). "Towards a Theory of Everything".&nbsp;<i>The Observer</i>: p.&nbsp;42. "Though A Brief History of Time brings in God as a useful metaphor, Hawking is an atheist"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+a+Theory+of+Everything&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Observer&amp;rft.aulast=Burgess&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft.au=Burgess%2C%26%2332%3BAnthony&amp;rft.date=29+December+1991&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B42&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-personalGod-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-personalGod_60-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-personalGod_60-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Roberts, Laura (2 September 2010).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7976594/Stephen-Hawking-God-was-not-needed-to-create-the-Universe.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking: God was not needed to create the Universe"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The Daily Telegraph</i>&nbsp;(London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+God+was+not+needed+to+create+the+Universe&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.aulast=Roberts&amp;rft.aufirst=Laura&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C%26%2332%3BLaura&amp;rft.date=2+September+2010&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F7976594%2FStephen-Hawking-God-was-not-needed-to-create-the-Universe.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-61" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Farmello, Graham (3 September 2010).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7979211/Has-Stephen-Hawking-ended-the-God-debate.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Has Stephen Hawking ended the God debate?"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The Daily Telegraph</i>&nbsp;(London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Has+Stephen+Hawking+ended+the+God+debate%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.aulast=Farmello&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham&amp;rft.au=Farmello%2C%26%2332%3BGraham&amp;rft.date=3+September+2010&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Freligion%2F7979211%2FHas-Stephen-Hawking-ended-the-God-debate.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-62" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Adams, Tim (4 April 2004).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2004/apr/04/features.review17" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"A Brief History of a First Wife"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The Observer</i>&nbsp;(London: Guardian News and Media)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 March 2012</span>. "Jane took much of her dramatic hope at the time from her faith, and still sees something of the irony in the fact that her Christianity gave her the strength to support her husband, the most profound atheist. 'Stephen, I hope, had belief in me that I could make everything possible for him, but he did not share my religious&nbsp;– or spiritual&nbsp;– faith'."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+a+First+Wife&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Observer&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BTim&amp;rft.date=4+April+2004&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Guardian+News+and+Media&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftheobserver%2F2004%2Fapr%2F04%2Ffeatures.review17&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-sciencenews1-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-sciencenews1_63-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE49U6E220081031?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=scienceNews" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Pope sees physicist Hawking at evolution gathering | Science"</a>. Reuters. 31 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 May 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pope+sees+physicist+Hawking+at+evolution+gathering+%26%23124%3B+Science&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=31+October+2008&amp;rft.series=Reuters&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FscienceNews%2FidUSTRE49U6E220081031%3FfeedType%3DRSS%26feedName%3DscienceNews&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-64" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/16/stephen-hawking-heaven-is-a-myth_n_862394.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking: Heaven Is A Myth"</a>.&nbsp;<i>www.huffingtonpost.com</i>. The Huffington Post. 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+Heaven+Is+A+Myth&amp;rft.atitle=www.huffingtonpost.com&amp;rft.date=16+May+2011&amp;rft.pub=The+Huffington+Post&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F05%2F16%2Fstephen-hawking-heaven-is-a-myth_n_862394.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-65" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Heussner, Ki Mae (7 June 2010).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/WN/Technology/stephen-hawking-religion-science-win/story?id=10830164" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stephen Hawking on Religion: 'Science Will Win'"</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ABC News">ABC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 October 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking+on+Religion%3A+%27Science+Will+Win%27&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Heussner&amp;rft.aufirst=Ki+Mae&amp;rft.au=Heussner%2C%26%2332%3BKi+Mae&amp;rft.date=7+June+2010&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BABC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FWN%2FTechnology%2Fstephen-hawking-religion-science-win%2Fstory%3Fid%3D10830164&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-66" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8520033/Stephen-Hawking-tells-Google-philosophy-is-dead.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Telegraph: Stephen Hawking tells Google ‘philosophy is dead’</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-67" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Radford, Tim (31 July 2009).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/jul/30/stephen-hawking-brief-history-time" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"How God propelled Stephen Hawking into the bestsellers lists"</a>.&nbsp;<i>guardian.co.uk</i>&nbsp;(London: Guardian News and Media)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=How+God+propelled+Stephen+Hawking+into+the+bestsellers+lists&amp;rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&amp;rft.aulast=Radford&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Radford%2C%26%2332%3BTim&amp;rft.date=31+July+2009&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Guardian+News+and+Media&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2009%2Fjul%2F30%2Fstephen-hawking-brief-history-time&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-68" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-390524/Man-conquer-planets-survive-says-Hawking.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Man must conquer other planets to survive, says Hawking"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Daily Mail</i>(UK). 13 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Man+must+conquer+other+planets+to+survive%2C+says+Hawking&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&amp;rft.date=13+June+2006&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-390524%2FMan-conquer-planets-survive-says-Hawking.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-books-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-books_69-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-books_69-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-books_69-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hawking.org.uk/books.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Books&nbsp;– Stephen Hawking"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Books%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Stephen+Hawking&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawking.org.uk%2Fbooks.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-70" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/hawking_prog_summary.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Hawking Paradox"</a>. BBC. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hawking+Paradox&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsn%2Ftvradio%2Fprogrammes%2Fhorizon%2Fhawking_prog_summary.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-71" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/programmes/master-of-the-universe" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Master of the Universe&nbsp;– Channel 4"</a>. channel4.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Master+of+the+Universe%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Channel+4&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=channel4.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fprogrammes%2Fmaster-of-the-universe&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#cite_ref-72" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/stephen-hawking/about/about.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Into the Universe, with Stephen Hawking"</a>. Discovery Channel. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 April 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Into+the+Universe%2C+with+Stephen+Hawking&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pub=Discovery+Channel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Ftv%2Fstephen-hawking%2Fabout%2Fabout.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography" style="font-size: small;">Bibliography</span></h2> <div class="refbegin" style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFFerguson2011" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ferguson, Kitty (10 November 2011).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nZLMWpujVUcC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Stephen Hawking: His Life and Work</i></a>. Transworld.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-1047-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-1047-6">978-1-4481-1047-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 September 1994).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gTLGnTZabBQC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Black holes and baby universes and other essays</i></a>. Bantam Books.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37411-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37411-7">978-0-553-37411-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Greenwood Publishing Group.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32392-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32392-8">978-0-313-32392-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+a+biography&amp;rft.aulast=Larsen&amp;rft.aufirst=Kristine&amp;rft.au=Larsen%2C%26%2332%3BKristine&amp;rft.date=30+June+2005&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-32392-8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyL3RBMEI5OgC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFOkudaOkuda1999" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise (1 October 1999).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VOeZQhAQZHgC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Star trek encyclopedia: a reference guide to the future</i></a>. Pocket Books.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53609-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53609-1">978-0-671-53609-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Star+trek+encyclopedia%3A+a+reference+guide+to+the+future&amp;rft.aulast=Okuda&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.au=Okuda%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&amp;rft.au=Okuda%2C%26%2332%3BDenise&amp;rft.date=1+October+1999&amp;rft.pub=Pocket+Books&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-671-53609-1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOeZQhAQZHgC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></li> </ul> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading" style="font-size: small;">Further reading</span></h2> <div class="refbegin" style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Boslough, John (1 June 1989).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lkntNIwunAAC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Stephen Hawking's universe: an introduction to the most remarkable scientist of our time</i></a>. Avon Books.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-70763-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-70763-8">978-0-380-70763-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%27s+universe%3A+an+introduction+to+the+most+remarkable+scientist+of+our+time&amp;rft.aulast=Boslough&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Boslough%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&amp;rft.date=1+June+1989&amp;rft.pub=Avon+Books&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-380-70763-8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkntNIwunAAC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></li> </ul> <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Pickover, Clifford A. (16 April 2008).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Archimedes to Hawking: laws of science and the great minds behind them</i></a>. Oxford University Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533611-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533611-5">978-0-19-533611-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Archimedes+to+Hawking%3A+laws+of+science+and+the+great+minds+behind+them&amp;rft.aulast=Pickover&amp;rft.aufirst=Clifford+A.&amp;rft.au=Pickover%2C%26%2332%3BClifford+A.&amp;rft.date=16+April+2008&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-533611-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQXcpvjcJBUC&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stephen_Hawking"></span></li> </ul> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-size: small;">External links</span></h2> <span style="color: #663366; line-height: 19px;"><br />Stephen Hawking's web site</span><br /> <ul style="line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/stephenhawking" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Appearances</a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0370071/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Stephen Hawking</a>&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=78459" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Stephen Hawking</a>&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81-20731" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Works by or about Stephen Hawking</a>&nbsp;in libraries (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>&nbsp;catalog)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/hawking" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Stephen Hawking</a>&nbsp;collected news and commentary at&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/stephen_w_hawking/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Stephen Hawking</a>&nbsp;collected news and commentary at&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P39338" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archival material relating to Stephen Hawking</a>&nbsp;listed at the UK&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Archives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Register of Archives">National Register of Archives</a></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp05386" rel="nofollow">Portraits of Stephen William Hawking</a>&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li> </ul> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16122850582905320738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6669173359453833913.post-27070420309671645162012-05-30T07:19:00.000-07:002012-05-30T08:09:05.877-07:00Chetan Bhagat<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim-ReApaIPe4KfTyk0fU8k7gDkHKsrCaKnHEZM4h_71VWJVD54D7xPYq4nNBxZY5xZ5KCMLfk7GLC2c5cci-fly0SgWJAgPPAvb1BLIifYczzdPPgmhlg_eoyz7eiB3UFtaRHS0yDAZfeU/s1600/536px-Chetan_bhagat_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim-ReApaIPe4KfTyk0fU8k7gDkHKsrCaKnHEZM4h_71VWJVD54D7xPYq4nNBxZY5xZ5KCMLfk7GLC2c5cci-fly0SgWJAgPPAvb1BLIifYczzdPPgmhlg_eoyz7eiB3UFtaRHS0yDAZfeU/s320/536px-Chetan_bhagat_1.jpg" width="286" /></a></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </div> <table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><tbody> <tr class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">November 2011</td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;">22 April 1974&nbsp;<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age&nbsp;38)</span><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India</td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Occupation</th><td class="role" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Author">Author</a></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Nationality</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;">Indian</td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Alma mater</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Delhi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Institute of Technology Delhi">IIT Delhi</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ahmedabad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad">IIM Ahmedabad</a></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Genres</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fiction">Fiction</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Management">management</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humour" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Humour">humour</a></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Notable work(s)</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Point_Someone_%E2%80%93_What_not_to_do_at_IIT!" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Five Point Someone – What not to do at IIT!">Five Point Someone</a></i><br /><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_States:_The_Story_of_My_Marriage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2 States: The Story of My Marriage">2 States</a></i></td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Spouse(s)</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;">Anusha Bhagat</td></tr> <tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Children</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;">2</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span></h2> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> Bhagat met his wife, Anusha Suryanarayan who is a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil people">Tamilian</a>&nbsp;at IIM Ahmedabad. They married in 1999. Later, they moved to&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>&nbsp;and worked there. Now based in Mumbai, Bhagat is focusing on his writing career. Bhagat and Anusha are the parents of twin sons, Shyam and Ishaan. The love story of Anusha and Chetan Bhagat was the inspiration for the book&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_States:_The_Story_of_My_Marriage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2 States: The Story of My Marriage">2 States: The Story of My Marriage</a>.</div> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"></sup></div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"></sup></div> </h2> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_works">List of works</span></h2> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetan_Bhagat&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span></h3> <table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 13px; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0px;"><thead style="line-height: 19px;"> <tr><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Title</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Year</th></tr> </thead><tbody style="line-height: 19px;"> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Point_Someone" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Five Point Someone">Five Point Someone</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2004</td></tr> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_@_the_Call_Center" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="One Night @ the Call Center">One Night @ the Call Center</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2005</td></tr> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_3_Mistakes_of_My_Life" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The 3 Mistakes of My Life">The 3 Mistakes of My Life</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2008</td></tr> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_States:_The_Story_of_My_Marriage" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2 States: The Story of My Marriage">2 States: The Story of My Marriage</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2009</td></tr> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_2020:_Love,_Corruption,_Ambition" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition">Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2011</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span></h3> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> Bhagat was a judge on the Star News TV reality show&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Anchor_Hunt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Star Anchor Hunt">Star Anchor Hunt</a></i>.</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Speeches">Speeches</span></h3> <ul style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"SPARK" speech given at the orientation program for the new group of MBA students at Symbiosis, Pune.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Becoming One With the World" speech given at the HT Leadership Summit Delhi.</li> </ul> <div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Speaker">Speaker</span></h3> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> Among his other activities, Bhagat is known to deliver speeches at programs organised by newspapers and media houses like&nbsp;<i>Dainik Bhaskar</i>,&nbsp;<i>The Times of India</i>&nbsp;and at other conclaves apart from writing columns for the same.Apart from these he usually expresses his views on current trendings of the society through micro-blogging site&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">Controversies</span></h2> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> There was controversy when the film&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Idiots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="3 Idiots">3 Idiots</a></i>&nbsp;was released in 2009. Bhagat was unhappy over not getting credit for the film's stor</div> <h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="3_Idiots_versus_Five_Point_Someone"><i>3 Idiots</i>&nbsp;versus&nbsp;<i>Five Point Someone</i></span></h3> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> y, which was based upon&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Point_Someone_%E2%80%93_What_not_to_do_at_IIT!" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Five Point Someone – What not to do at IIT!">Five Point Someone – What not to do at IIT!</a></i>. According to him the film had taken more from the book than the filmmakers had led him to believe. Director&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkumar_Hirani" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rajkumar Hirani">Rajkumar Hirani</a>&nbsp;said that Bhagat has been given his due credit according to contract.&nbsp;Hirani threatened to take legal action against Bhagat. Bhagat also accused Hirani of not showing him final script as per contract, but Hirani denied that.Protagonist of the film&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamir_Khan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>&nbsp;initially said that the screenplay was original,&nbsp;but later he kept himself away from this controversy.</div> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Movie_adaptions">Movie adaptions</span></h2> <table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0px;"><thead> <tr><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Year of publishing</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Title of book</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Film adaptation</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Language</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Cast</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Production</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Director</th><th class="headerSort" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.2em; text-align: center;" title="Sort ascending">Year of Release</th></tr> </thead><tbody> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2008</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_@_the_Call_Center" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="One Night @ the Call Center">One Night @ the Call Center</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_(film)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hello (film)">Hello</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Kaif" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Katrina Kaif">Katrina Kaif</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul_Panag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gul Panag">Gul Panag</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Joshi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sharman Joshi">Sharman Joshi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhu_Vinod_Chopra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vidhu Vinod Chopra">Vidhu Vinod Chopra</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Agnihotri" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Atul Agnihotri">Atul Agnihotri</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2008</td></tr> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2009</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Point_Someone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Five Point Someone">Five Point Someone</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Idiots" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="3 Idiots">3 Idiots</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamir_Khan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Madhavan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="R. Madhavan">R. Madhavan</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boman_Irani" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boman Irani">Boman Irani</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kareena Kapoor">Kareena Kapoor</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Joshi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sharman Joshi">Sharman Joshi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhu_Vinod_Chopra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vidhu Vinod Chopra">Vidhu Vinod Chopra</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkumar_Hirani" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rajkumar Hirani">Rajkumar Hirani</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2009</td></tr> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Point_Someone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Five Point Someone">Five Point Someone</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanban_(film)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nanban (film)">Nanban</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_(actor)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vijay (actor)">Vijay</a>,&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeva_(actor)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jeeva (actor)">Jeeva</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_(actor)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Srikanth (actor)">Srikanth</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyaraj" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sathyaraj">Sathyaraj</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileana_D%27Cruz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ileana D'Cruz">Ileana D'Cruz</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Film_Circuit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gemini Film Circuit">Gemini Film Circuit</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_(director)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shankar (director)">Shankar</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2012</td></tr> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_3_Mistakes_of_My_Life" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The 3 Mistakes of My Life">The 3 Mistakes of My Life</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Po_Che!" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kai Po Che!">Kai Po Che!</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarati">Gujarati</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushant_Singh_Rajput" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a>,&nbsp;<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Kumar_Yadav" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raj Kumar Yadav">Raj Kumar Yadav</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Sadh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amit Sadh">Amit Sadh</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTV_Motion_Pictures" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UTV Motion Pictures">UTV Motion Pictures</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Kapoor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abhishek Kapoor">Abhishek Kapoor</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2013<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></td></tr> <tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2009</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2 States">2 States</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_States_(film)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2 States (film)">2 States</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ranbir Kapoor">Ranbir Kapoor</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asin">Asin</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imtiaz_Ali_(director)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Imtiaz Ali (director)">Imtiaz Ali</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">2013</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</span></h2> <ul style="font-family: sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"> <li style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Society Young Achiever's award in 2004</li> <li style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Publisher’s Recognition award in 2005</li> </ul> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Bhagat in</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;</span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">magazine's list of World's 100 Most Influential People 2010</span><br /> <br /> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></div> <h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> <ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;"> <li id="cite_note-nytimeschetan1-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-nytimeschetan1_0-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Greenlees, Donald (March 26, 2008).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/26/books/26bhagat.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"An Investment Banker Finds Fame Off the Books"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?chetan_bhagats_much-anticipated_novel_will_be_released_this_october_17395.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Chetan Bhagat's much-anticipated novel will be released this October"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Asia Pacific Arts</i>. 2011-09-20.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Chetan+Bhagat%27s+much-anticipated+novel+will+be+released+this+October&amp;rft.atitle=Asia+Pacific+Arts&amp;rft.date=2011-09-20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiapacificarts.usc.edu%2Farticle%40apa%3Fchetan_bhagats_much-anticipated_novel_will_be_released_this_october_17395.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chetan_Bhagat"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-19/vadodara/28625507_1_chetan-bhagat-2g-scam" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Chetan Bhagat on 2G scam"</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-time100-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-time100_3-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1984685,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Time 100 most influential people in the world list</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/edit-page/28370196_1_cbi-raid-kings-cbi-officials/2" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Of Ravages And Kings"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_Of_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Times Of India">The Times Of India</a></i>. 29 January 2011.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Of+Ravages+And+Kings&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Times+Of+India%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=29+January+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2011-01-29%2Fedit-page%2F28370196_1_cbi-raid-kings-cbi-officials%2F2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chetan_Bhagat"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-cbkathmandu-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-cbkathmandu_5-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ekendraonline.com/edu/chetan-bhagat-in-kathmandu-rejuvenates-youth-potential-81.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Chetan Bhagat in Kathmandu Rejuvenates Youth Potential</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bhagat, Chetan (19 August 2011).&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/17/anna-hazare-arrest-inspired-indians" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Anna Hazare's fight for change has inspired millions of Indians"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>&nbsp;(London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.chetanbhagat.com/speeches/becoming-one-with-the-world/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.chetanbhagat.com/speeches/becoming-one-with-the-world/</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://conclave.intoday.in/video/india-today-conclave-2012-chetan-bhagat-baba-ramdev/3411/38/68.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; 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background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.chetanbhagat.com/speeches/becoming-one-with-the-world" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.chetanbhagat.com/speeches/becoming-one-with-the-world</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4FX-bxW2kY&amp;feature=related" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; 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background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/Chetan-Bhagat-closes-3-Idiots-controversy/Article1-493968.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Chetan Bhgat unhappy over due credit"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Hindustan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 May 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Chetan+Bhgat+unhappy+over+due+credit&amp;rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FChetan-Bhagat-closes-3-Idiots-controversy%2FArticle1-493968.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chetan_Bhagat"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-04/news-interviews/28142618_1_chetan-bhagat-due-credit-idiots" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Hirani Planning of legal action against Chetan Bhagat"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Times Of India</i>. 4 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 May 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hirani+Planning+of+legal+action+against+Chetan+Bhagat&amp;rft.jtitle=Times+Of+India&amp;rft.date=4+January+2010&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2010-01-04%2Fnews-interviews%2F28142618_1_chetan-bhagat-due-credit-idiots&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chetan_Bhagat"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/bollywood/Script-of-3-Idiots-is-original-Aamir-Khan/videoshow/5396419.cms" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"ScreenPlay is original says Aamir"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Times Of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 May 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=ScreenPlay+is+original+says+Aamir&amp;rft.jtitle=Times+Of+India&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fvideos%2Fentertainment%2Fbollywood%2FScript-of-3-Idiots-is-original-Aamir-Khan%2Fvideoshow%2F5396419.cms&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chetan_Bhagat"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/04/aamir-distances-himself-from-three-iidiots-controversy.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Amir distances himself of controversy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 May 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Amir+distances+himself+of+controversy&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies.rediff.com%2Freport%2F2010%2Fjan%2F04%2Faamir-distances-himself-from-three-iidiots-controversy.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chetan_Bhagat"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-to-be-released-in-january-2013/259185-8-66.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">""Kai Po Che!" to be released in 2013"</a>.&nbsp;<i>IBNLive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 May 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%22Kai+Po+Che%21%22+to+be+released+in+2013&amp;rft.jtitle=IBNLive&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fnews%2Fkai-po-che-to-be-released-in-january-2013%2F259185-8-66.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chetan_Bhagat"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-15/news-interviews/30401211_1_siddharth-anand-ranbir-kapoor-rockstar-director" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Imtiaz Ali to direct 2 States now"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Times Of India</i>. 15 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 February 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Imtiaz+Ali+to+direct+2+States+now&amp;rft.jtitle=Times+Of+India&amp;rft.date=15+November+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2011-11-15%2Fnews-interviews%2F30401211_1_siddharth-anand-ranbir-kapoor-rockstar-director&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chetan_Bhagat"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-delhispider.com-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-delhispider.com_23-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-delhispider.com_23-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.delhispider.com/resources/2288-Biodata-Chetan-Bhagat.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.delhispider.com/resources/2288-Biodata-Chetan-Bhagat.aspx</a></span></li> </ol> <span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat#cite_ref-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span><span class="reference-text" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><i>Time</i>. 21 April 2011.&nbsp;<a class="external free" href="http://search.time.com/results.html?N=0&amp;Nty=1&amp;Ntt=chetan+bhagat&amp;x=0&amp;y=0&amp;p=0&amp;cmd=tags&amp;srchCat=Full+Archive" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://search.time.com/results.html?N=0&amp;Nty=1&amp;Ntt=chetan+bhagat&amp;x=0&amp;y=0&amp;p=0&amp;cmd=tags&amp;srchCat=Full+Archive</a>.</span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: left;"> <span class="reference-text" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> <span class="reference-text" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><br /></span></div> <div style="font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"> <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></div> </div> <br /> <br /> <br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16122850582905320738noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6669173359453833913.post-53153044497567359262012-05-30T01:14:00.000-07:002012-05-30T01:14:25.122-07:00FB chat amaze<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> TRY THIS...<br /> ITS AMAZING.. :)<br /> <br /> Copy the codes and paste it on ur fb chat !!! ?<br /> <br /> 1.Mask<br /> <br /> [[255006724575192]] [[255006727908525]] [[255006737908524]] [[255006734575191]] [[255006731241858]] <br /> [[255006827908515]] [[255006831241848]] [[255006824575182]] [[255006817908516]] [[255006821241849]] <br /> [[255006874575177]] [[255006871241844]] [[255006884575176]] [[255006877908510]] [[255006881241843]] <br /> [[255006934575171]] [[255006931241838]] [[255006941241837]] [[255006944575170]] [[255006937908504]] <br /> [[255007004575164]] [[255007001241831]] [[255006994575165]] [[255006997908498]] [[255006991241832]] <br /> [[255007084575156]] [[255007101241821]] [[255007077908490]] [[255007091241822]] [[255007081241823]] <br /> <br /> 2. 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